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The Industrial Revolution

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The Industrial Revolution. 1760-1900
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The Rise of the “Protestant Ethic”
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The Branches of Protestantism
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The Religious Map of Europe: 1560
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The Enclosure Movement. Tragedy of the commons? Or theft of public land?
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Steam Power
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The Rise of Factories. The first modern factories arose in the mid-1700s.
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The Rise of Factories
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Mining. Between 1760 and 1815, annual coal output in Britain increased from 6 ½ million tons to 16 million tons.
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Railroads
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Industrial Cities. Manchester. Birmingham
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Child Labor. In the late 1700s, almost two-thirds of workers in cotton mills were children. Children were paid less than adults although their productivity was roughly equal.
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The Progress of Industrialization
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Technological Optimism. Crystal Palace – Great Exhibition of 1851. The nobility lost power to industrialists and businessmen. Whig history – progress, ever upward!
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Critiques of Optimism. Engels: Processing was once carried on in the home. The “crushing power of competition” stopped that. The cottage producer had plenty of leisure.
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